Metals and non-metals
The Chemical
elements can be broadly divided into metals,
metalloids and non-metals to their shared physical and chemical properties. All metals have a shiny appearance (at least when freshly polished); are good conductors of heat and electricity; form alloys with other metals; and have at least one basic oxide.
Metalloids are metallic-looking brittle solids that are either semiconductors or exist in semiconducting forms, and have amphoteric or weakly Acidic oxide. Typical nonmetals have a dull, coloured or colourless appearance; are brittle when solid; are poor conductors of heat and electricity; and have acidic oxides. Most or some elements in each category share a range of other properties; a few elements have properties that are either anomalous given their category, or otherwise extraordinary.
In our daily life, we see different types of metals as well as non-metals. Would you ever asked to yourself that what are metals and non-metals.
If you did so then what was the first sentence of that come in your mind. You may thought that "metal are generally solid, malleable, ductile, sonorous, etc. That exactly also happened with non-metals, you may thought that non-metals are generally soft, non sonorous, etc." But guys these are not the proper definition for metals and non-metals, these are the properties.
Metal may be defined as when any element looses 1, 2 or 3 electrons from their outermost orbit to form uni-positive, bi-positive and tri-positive ions respectively then it is know as a metal.
E.g - Iron, gold, platinum, calcium, etc.
A metal (from Greek: μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element compound or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). Around 90 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals; the others are non-metals or metalloids, though elements near the boundaries of each category have been assigned variably to either (hence the lack of an exact count). Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms.
Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures; these are formed as metallic allotropes of non- metals, for example, physicists were able to keep hydrogen in its solid state under more than 3 million times the atmospheric pressure and deduce its metallic properties.
Non-metal may be defined as when any element gains 1, 2 and 3 electrons to form uni-negative, bi-negative and tri-negative ions respectively then it is known as a non-metal.
E.g - oxygen, carbon, xenon, graphite, etc.
In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a Chemical elements that mostly lacks metallic attributes. Physically, nonmetals tend to be highly volatile (easily vaporized), have low elasticity, and are good insulators of heat and electricity; chemically, they tend to have high ionization energy and electronegativity values, and gain or share electrons when they react with other elements or compounds. Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals; most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine), and a few are solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine).
I hope you guys liked the explanation of both. Please share this to everyone so that they also get some knowledge about chemistry.
Thank you.
Metalloids are metallic-looking brittle solids that are either semiconductors or exist in semiconducting forms, and have amphoteric or weakly Acidic oxide. Typical nonmetals have a dull, coloured or colourless appearance; are brittle when solid; are poor conductors of heat and electricity; and have acidic oxides. Most or some elements in each category share a range of other properties; a few elements have properties that are either anomalous given their category, or otherwise extraordinary.
In our daily life, we see different types of metals as well as non-metals. Would you ever asked to yourself that what are metals and non-metals.
If you did so then what was the first sentence of that come in your mind. You may thought that "metal are generally solid, malleable, ductile, sonorous, etc. That exactly also happened with non-metals, you may thought that non-metals are generally soft, non sonorous, etc." But guys these are not the proper definition for metals and non-metals, these are the properties.
METALS
Metal may be defined as when any element looses 1, 2 or 3 electrons from their outermost orbit to form uni-positive, bi-positive and tri-positive ions respectively then it is know as a metal.
E.g - Iron, gold, platinum, calcium, etc.
A metal (from Greek: μέταλλον métallon, "mine, quarry, metal") is a material (an element compound or alloy) that is typically hard when in solid state, opaque, shiny, and has good electrical and thermal conductivity. Metals are generally malleable—that is, they can be hammered or pressed permanently out of shape without breaking or cracking—as well as fusible (able to be fused or melted) and ductile (able to be drawn out into a thin wire). Around 90 of the 118 elements in the periodic table are metals; the others are non-metals or metalloids, though elements near the boundaries of each category have been assigned variably to either (hence the lack of an exact count). Some elements appear in both metallic and non-metallic forms.
Many elements and compounds that are not normally classified as metals become metallic under high pressures; these are formed as metallic allotropes of non- metals, for example, physicists were able to keep hydrogen in its solid state under more than 3 million times the atmospheric pressure and deduce its metallic properties.
METALLOID
A metalloid is any Chemical
elements which has properties in between those of metals and non-
metals, or that has a mixture of them. There is neither a standard definition of a metalloid nor complete agreement on the elements appropriately classified as such. Despite the lack of specificity, the term remains in use in the literature of Chemistry.
The six commonly recognised metalloids are boron, silicon, germanium,
arsenic, antimony and tellurium. Five elements are less frequently so classified: carbon,
aluminium, selenium, polonium and astatine. On a standard periodic table, all eleven are in a diagonal area in the p-block extending from boron at the upper left to astatine at lower right, along the dividing line between metals and non- metals shown on some periodic tables.
Typical metalloids have a metallic appearance, but they are brittle and only fair conductors of electricity. Chemically, they behave mostly as nonmetals. They can form alloys with metals. Most of their other physical and chemical properties are intermediate in nature. Metalloids are usually too brittle to have any structural uses. They and their compounds are used in alloys, biological agents, catalyst, flame retardants, glasses, optical storage and optoelectronics, pyrotechnics, semiconductors, and electronics.
Typical metalloids have a metallic appearance, but they are brittle and only fair conductors of electricity. Chemically, they behave mostly as nonmetals. They can form alloys with metals. Most of their other physical and chemical properties are intermediate in nature. Metalloids are usually too brittle to have any structural uses. They and their compounds are used in alloys, biological agents, catalyst, flame retardants, glasses, optical storage and optoelectronics, pyrotechnics, semiconductors, and electronics.
NON-METALS
Non-metal may be defined as when any element gains 1, 2 and 3 electrons to form uni-negative, bi-negative and tri-negative ions respectively then it is known as a non-metal.
E.g - oxygen, carbon, xenon, graphite, etc.
In chemistry, a nonmetal (or non-metal) is a Chemical elements that mostly lacks metallic attributes. Physically, nonmetals tend to be highly volatile (easily vaporized), have low elasticity, and are good insulators of heat and electricity; chemically, they tend to have high ionization energy and electronegativity values, and gain or share electrons when they react with other elements or compounds. Seventeen elements are generally classified as nonmetals; most are gases (hydrogen, helium, nitrogen, oxygen, fluorine, neon, chlorine, argon, krypton, xenon and radon); one is a liquid (bromine), and a few are solids (carbon, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium, and iodine).
Properties:
| Metals: | Non-metals: |
| Strong | Brittle |
| Malleable and ductile | Brittle |
| React with oxygen to form basic oxides | React with oxygen to form acidic oxides |
| Sonorous | Dull sound when hit with hammer |
| High melting and boiling points | Low melting and boiling points |
| Good conductors of electricity | Poor conductors of electricity |
| Good conductors of heat | Poor conductors of heat |
| Mainly solids at room temp. Exception mercury - liquid at room temp. | Solids, liquids and gases at room.temp. |
| Shiny when polished | Dull looking |
| When they form ions, the ions are positive | When they form ions, the ions are negative - except hydrogen that forms a positive ion, H+. |
| High density | Low density |
Common Metals and Non-Metals
| Metals: | Non-metals: |
| Calcium | Sulphur |
| Potassium | Oxygen |
| Lead | Chlorine |
| Copper | Hydrogen |
| Aluminium | Bromine |
| Zinc | Nitrogen |
| Lithium | Helium |
I hope you guys liked the explanation of both. Please share this to everyone so that they also get some knowledge about chemistry.
Thank you.
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